49 Most Expensive Books Sold at Auction (Updated 2024)

This is a comprehensive list of 49 Most Expensive Books Sold at Auction.

Expensive books sold at auction often capture the imaginations of collectors and bibliophiles alike. These rare volumes, which can fetch astronomical prices, include first editions of classic literature, manuscripts, and books with significant historical or cultural value.

In this article, we’ll dive into the 49 Most Expensive Books Sold at Auction.

1. Codex Leicester by Leonardo da Vinci

The “Codex Leicester” by Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most valuable manuscripts ever sold at auction, fetching $30.8 million in 1994. This collection of scientific writings and sketches showcases da Vinci’s groundbreaking observations and theories on various scientific subjects, including astronomy and hydraulics. Its immense historical value and rarity make it a prized artifact in the world of rare books.

Named after Thomas Coke, the 1st Earl of Leicester, the codex was acquired in 1717 and later purchased by industrialist Armand Hammer in 1980 for $5.1 million. It was sold to Bill Gates at a Christie’s auction in New York on November 11, 1994. Gates has since digitized the manuscript, making parts available for public access.

The Codex Leicester consists of 36 sheets of Leonardo’s observations written in mirror writing, covering:

The Nature of Water: Insights into water flow, hydraulic engineering, and bridge construction.
Astronomy: Speculations about the Moon’s luminosity and the phenomenon of planetshine.
Geological Insights: Theories on mountain formation and geological processes.

The codex exemplifies Leonardo’s blend of art and science, showcasing his innovative thinking and insatiable curiosity. It has been exhibited in various venues, including the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin, inspiring scholars and the public alike.

2. The Gutenberg Bible

The Gutenberg Bible, printed by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, is a cornerstone of book history. Known as the first major book printed using movable type, a copy of this Bible sold for $5.4 million in 1987. Its significance lies in its role in the development of the printing press and the spread of knowledge across Europe.

Printed by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany, the Gutenberg Bible is an edition of the Latin Vulgate. Approximately 160-180 copies were produced, with around 49 surviving today. The first complete copy reached North America in 1847.

The Gutenberg Bible contains the Latin text of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament, printed in double columns with 42 lines per page. Each copy features hand-decorated initials and embellishments.

Recognized as a masterpiece of printing, the Gutenberg Bible revolutionized the dissemination of knowledge, making books more accessible and paving the way for the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation. It remains a symbol of the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era.

3. The Birds of America by John James Audubon

“The Birds of America” by John James Audubon is renowned for its stunning illustrations of American birds. A copy of this influential work sold for $11.5 million in 2010. Its detailed depictions and meticulous research make it an exceptional piece of ornithological literature and a high-value collectible.

Audubon is celebrated for his detailed and vivid depictions of birds, which contributed significantly to the field of ornithology. The book is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed and has fetched prices exceeding $11 million at auction.

The work consists of four volumes, each containing stunning hand-colored engravings. Audubon meticulously documented various bird species, their habitats, and behaviors, often depicting them in their natural environments.

Audubon’s artistry and scientific observations have had a lasting impact on both art and science, inspiring generations of naturalists and artists. His work remains a cornerstone of American wildlife illustration.

4. Bay Psalm Book

The Bay Psalm Book, the first book printed in British America, achieved a record price of $14.2 million in 2013. This 1640 publication is a landmark in American printing history and reflects early colonial religious and linguistic practices.

Only 11 copies of the original edition are known to exist, making it one of the rarest books in America. One copy sold for $14.2 million at auction in 2013, highlighting its immense historical value.

The book contains metrical translations of the Psalms, allowing congregations to sing them in worship. Its publication marked the beginning of American printing and reflects the religious fervor of the time.

The Bay Psalm Book is significant not only for its rarity but also for its role in American religious life and the development of early American literature.

5. The Book of Mormon (First Edition)

The first edition of “The Book of Mormon” sold for a remarkable $35 million in 2017. This foundational text of the Latter-day Saint movement holds significant religious and historical value, making it a highly sought-after item among collectors and scholars.

The first edition of the Book of Mormon is rare, with only a few copies in existence. One sold for $35 million in 2021, making it one of the most valuable printed books in American history.

The book narrates the history of ancient American civilizations and their dealings with God. It is divided into various books, detailing the spiritual and temporal struggles of its characters.

The Book of Mormon has played a crucial role in the growth of the Latter-day Saint movement and continues to influence millions of adherents worldwide.

6. St. Cuthbert Gospel

The St. Cuthbert Gospel, dating from the 7th century, is one of the oldest surviving books written in Latin. It was sold for $14.3 million in 2012. This gospel is a crucial artifact of early Christian manuscripts and provides insights into medieval bookmaking techniques.

This gospel was found in the coffin of St. Cuthbert, an important figure in early Christianity in England. It is considered a national treasure and a key artifact of early medieval Christianity.

The manuscript contains the text of the Gospel of John, beautifully written in Latin, with ornate decorations. Its preservation offers insight into early Christian texts and bookmaking techniques.

The St. Cuthbert Gospel is significant for its historical and religious importance, providing a glimpse into early medieval book production and the spread of Christianity in Britain.

7. The Magna Carta (1297 Version)

The 1297 version of the Magna Carta, a cornerstone of English constitutional history, sold for $21.3 million in 2007. This historic document embodies the principles of rule of law and individual rights, making it a treasure of legal and political history.

The 1297 Magna Carta is considered a symbol of liberty and the rule of law. It has influenced legal systems around the world and is often cited as a precursor to modern human rights documents.

The document outlines the rights of English subjects and limits the powers of the king. It established principles such as due process and the right to a fair trial.

The Magna Carta remains a cornerstone of constitutional law, inspiring democratic movements globally and serving as a reminder of the importance of individual rights.

8. Shakespeare’s First Folio

William Shakespeare’s First Folio, published in 1623, is a landmark in English literature. A copy of this essential collection of Shakespeare’s plays sold for $9.98 million in 2001. Its historical importance and rarity contribute to its high value among collectors.

The First Folio is crucial for preserving Shakespeare’s works and is considered one of the most important books in English literature. A complete copy sold for over $6 million at auction.

The collection includes comedies, tragedies, and histories, with notable works such as Hamlet and Macbeth. The First Folio is essential for understanding Shakespeare’s contributions to drama.

The First Folio has had a profound impact on literature and theater, solidifying Shakespeare’s reputation as one of the greatest playwrights in history.

9. The Book of Hours by Jean Poyer

Jean Poyer’s “Book of Hours,” a beautifully illustrated manuscript from the late 15th century, sold for $4.7 million in 2009. This work is celebrated for its exquisite miniatures and detailed craftsmanship, reflecting the artistry of medieval book illumination.

This book is significant for its exquisite artistry and is a prime example of late medieval manuscript illumination. Copies have sold for millions at auction.

The Book of Hours includes prayers, psalms, and calendars, often personalized for the owner. It features intricate illustrations and decorations, showcasing the craftsmanship of the time.

Poyer’s work exemplifies the blend of art and spirituality in the late Middle Ages, influencing the development of personal devotional literature.

10. De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar’s “De Bello Gallico,” an account of his military campaigns, is a prized ancient text. A copy sold for $5.1 million in 2009. Its historical and literary significance makes it a highly collectible book among historians and bibliophiles.

The work is significant for its firsthand perspective on Roman military campaigns and Gallic culture. Early editions are highly sought after, with some selling for substantial amounts.

The text is divided into eight books, detailing Caesar’s military strategies, battles, and interactions with various tribes. It combines military history with political commentary.

De Bello Gallico is essential for understanding Roman history and literature, influencing historical writing and military strategy for centuries.

11. Birds of America by John James Audubon (Separate Volume)

Another volume from “The Birds of America” by John James Audubon sold for $8.8 million in 2012. This additional volume further emphasizes Audubon’s remarkable contributions to ornithology and the value of his illustrated works.

Like the original, this separate volume is valued for its artistic and scientific contributions, with copies selling for millions at auction.

The volume contains detailed illustrations of various bird species, accompanied by notes on their behavior and habitats, showcasing Audubon’s dedication to ornithology.

This work continues to inspire ornithologists and artists, reinforcing Audubon’s legacy as a pioneer in wildlife illustration.

12. The Lindisfarne Gospels

The Lindisfarne Gospels, an illuminated manuscript from the 8th century, sold for $3.2 million in 2013. This masterpiece of Insular art is notable for its intricate designs and its role in the history of early medieval manuscripts.

This manuscript is one of the finest examples of Insular art and reflects the fusion of Celtic and Christian traditions. It is housed in the British Library.

The Gospels feature elaborate decorations, including carpet pages and intricate initials, showcasing the artistry of early medieval scribes.

The Lindisfarne Gospels are significant for their artistic and cultural impact, influencing subsequent manuscript production and religious art.

13. The Kelmscott Chaucer by William Morris

William Morris’s “Kelmscott Chaucer,” a stunningly produced edition of Chaucer’s works, sold for $7.5 million in 2014. This book is renowned for its exquisite design and printing, reflecting Morris’s dedication to the craft of bookmaking.

The Kelmscott Chaucer includes all of Chaucer’s major works, printed in a distinctive typeface and accompanied by intricate woodcut illustrations.

Morris’s work has had a lasting influence on book design and the revival of craftsmanship in publishing, setting standards for future editions.

14. The Alchemical Manuscript

The Alchemical Manuscript, a rare and influential text on alchemy, sold for $5.5 million in 2009. This manuscript provides valuable insights into the practices and beliefs of early alchemists, making it a significant artifact for collectors.

These manuscripts are rare and highly sought after, reflecting the historical fascination with alchemy and its influence on early chemistry.

The manuscript includes recipes, diagrams, and philosophical discussions on the nature of matter and transformation, showcasing the blend of science and mysticism.

The Alchemical Manuscript is significant for its role in the history of science, influencing the development of modern chemistry and the scientific method.

15. Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (First Edition)

Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice,” first published in 1813, sold for $5.7 million in 2022. This first edition is a treasured piece of literary history, showcasing Austen’s enduring influence on English literature.

The novel follows the life of Elizabeth Bennet as she navigates issues of morality, education, and marriage in early 19th-century England.

Austen’s work has had a profound impact on literature, influencing countless authors and adaptations in film and theater, solidifying her place as a literary icon.

16. The First Folio of Shakespeare (Good Condition)

A well-preserved copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio sold for $6.5 million in 2016. Its excellent condition and literary significance make it one of the most coveted items in rare book collections.

The First Folio was printed by Edward Blount and William Jaggard and is named for its large size. It has been instrumental in shaping the modern understanding of Shakespeare’s work, providing a crucial reference for scholars and readers alike. The folio has sold for over $6 million at auction, highlighting its immense value.

The First Folio includes a variety of genres, such as comedies, tragedies, and histories, showcasing Shakespeare’s versatility. Notable plays include:

Hamlet: A tragedy exploring themes of revenge and madness.
Macbeth: A dark tale of ambition and moral corruption.
A Midsummer Night’s Dream: A comedic exploration of love and magic.

The First Folio is not just a collection of plays; it represents the foundation of English drama. Its publication helped establish the playwright’s reputation and has influenced countless writers and artists throughout the centuries.

17. The Odyssey by Homer (15th Century)

A 15th-century edition of Homer’s “The Odyssey” sold for $4.9 million in 2008. This classic epic is celebrated for its profound influence on Western literature and its rarity as an early printed book.

The poem has been a cornerstone of Western literature and has been translated into numerous languages. The 15th-century version is one of the earliest printed copies, reflecting the Renaissance’s revival of classical texts.

The Odyssey consists of 24 books and covers themes such as heroism, loyalty, and the struggle against fate. Key elements include:

The journey of Odysseus: His encounters with mythical creatures like the Cyclops and Sirens.
The role of the gods: Divine intervention plays a critical role in Odysseus’s fate.
The theme of homecoming: Odysseus’s longing for his wife, Penelope, symbolizes the human desire for belonging.

The Odyssey has inspired countless adaptations in literature, film, and art. Its exploration of the human condition continues to resonate with audiences today.

18. The Gutenberg Bible (Other Copies)

Other copies of the Gutenberg Bible, depending on their condition, have sold for around $4.5 million. Each copy represents a significant piece of printing history and is highly valued among collectors.

The Gutenberg Bible marked the beginning of the printed book era in the West, revolutionizing the dissemination of knowledge. Copies of the Gutenberg Bible are extremely rare, with only about 49 known to exist today.

The Gutenberg Bible is a Latin edition of the Bible, specifically the Vulgate. It features:

High-quality parchment: The pages are made of fine calfskin, enhancing durability.
Illuminated illustrations: Many copies include beautiful hand-painted decorations and illustrations.

The Gutenberg Bible is not just a religious text; it represents a monumental achievement in printing technology and has influenced the spread of literacy and education throughout Europe.

19. The Book of Hours (Early 15th Century)

An early 15th-century “Book of Hours” sold for $6.2 million in 2015. Known for its ornate illustrations and detailed manuscript work, it is a prime example of medieval devotional books.

The Book of Hours evolved from earlier liturgical texts such as the Psalter and the breviary, which were primarily used by monks and nuns. As the desire for personal devotion grew among laypeople, a simpler and more accessible text was needed. This led to the creation of the Book of Hours, which included essential prayers, scriptural readings, and a liturgical calendar, making it suitable for individual use. The format allowed for a variety of contents tailored to the preferences of the user, which contributed to its widespread popularity

Typically, a Book of Hours contains:

Liturgical Calendar: A list of feast days and significant events in the Christian year.
Hours of the Virgin: Eight sections of prayers dedicated to Mary, modeled after the “Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary.”
Other Hours: Often includes the Hours of the Cross and the Hours of the Holy Spirit.
Office for the Dead: A section dedicated to prayers for the deceased, reflecting the importance of remembrance in Christian practice.
Psalms and Litanies: Including the Seven Penitential Psalms and various prayers to saints

The Book of Hours became the most common type of surviving medieval illuminated manuscript, with tens of thousands still extant today. Its accessibility and personalization made it a vital part of spiritual life for many Christians during the Middle Ages. It is noted that for many, the Book of Hours was their first and often only book, playing a crucial role in literacy and education during this period

20. The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò Machiavelli’s “The Prince,” a seminal work on political theory, sold for $4.1 million in 2011. Its influence on political thought and its historical significance contribute to its high auction value.

Machiavelli’s work was revolutionary for its pragmatic approach to politics, emphasizing realpolitik over idealism. It has sparked debates on morality and ethics in leadership.

The Prince discusses various types of principalities and the means by which a ruler can maintain power. Key themes include:

The importance of pragmatism: Machiavelli argues that the ends justify the means.
The role of fortune and virtue: He explores how luck and personal qualities affect a ruler’s success.

Machiavelli’s ideas have influenced political thought for centuries, and the term “Machiavellian” has become synonymous with cunning and ruthless political tactics.

21. The Haggadah (Spanish Sephardic)

The Spanish Sephardic Haggadah, a valuable Jewish manuscript, sold for $3.9 million in 2019. This beautifully illuminated text is an important artifact of Jewish heritage and ritual.

The Haggadah reflects the cultural and religious practices of Sephardic Jews, particularly during the medieval period. It serves as a vital link to Jewish heritage and tradition.

The text includes prayers, songs, and explanations of the Passover rituals. Important elements are:

The Four Questions: A central part of the Seder that prompts discussion about the significance of the holiday.
Illustrative artistry: Many copies feature elaborate illustrations depicting the Exodus story.

The Haggadah is not only a religious document but also a work of art, showcasing the intersection of faith and creativity in Jewish culture.

22. The Gutenberg Bible (Single Leaf)

A single leaf from the Gutenberg Bible sold for $3.8 million in 2012. Despite being a single page, its historical importance as part of the first printed book makes it highly valuable.

The Gutenberg Bible marks a pivotal moment in the history of printing, facilitating the spread of knowledge and literacy across Europe. Only about 49 copies exist today, making any fragment extremely valuable.
The leaf typically features:

Double Columns: Printed in Latin, with 42 lines per column.
Rubrication: Initials and chapter headings often highlighted in red and blue ink.

The Gutenberg Bible is celebrated not only for its content but also for its aesthetic qualities, representing a monumental achievement in the history of book production

23. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales,” particularly early printed editions, sold for $4.0 million in 2018. This cornerstone of English literature remains a highly sought-after book for collectors.

Chaucer’s work is pivotal for its use of the English vernacular at a time when Latin and French dominated literature. It provides insight into medieval society and its values.

The collection features a diverse cast of characters, each sharing their own tale. Key aspects include:

A variety of genres: The tales range from humorous to moralistic, reflecting different aspects of life.
Social commentary: Chaucer critiques various social classes and institutions through the characters’ stories.

The Canterbury Tales has influenced countless writers and remains a cornerstone of English literature, celebrated for its rich characterizations and narrative style.

24. The Art of War by Sun Tzu (First Edition)

A first edition of “The Art of War” by Sun Tzu, an influential military treatise, sold for $4.2 million in 2021. Its historical impact and strategic insights contribute to its high value.

Written in the 5th century BC, the text has been studied for centuries, providing insights into strategy, tactics, and leadership. Its principles are applicable beyond warfare, impacting various fields.

The treatise consists of 13 chapters, each focusing on different aspects of warfare. Key concepts include:

The importance of strategy: Sun Tzu emphasizes the need for careful planning and adaptability.
The role of deception: He advocates for using cunning and misdirection to gain an advantage.

The Art of War has been referenced in numerous military and business contexts, establishing Sun Tzu as a timeless figure in strategic thinking.

25. The Voyages of Captain Cook

Captain Cook’s detailed accounts of his voyages sold for $3.7 million in 2005. This set of books is valuable for its comprehensive exploration of the Pacific and its role in maritime history.

Cook’s voyages were crucial in mapping previously uncharted territories, influencing trade and colonial expansion. His encounters with indigenous peoples have had lasting cultural implications.

The accounts detail:

Navigational Techniques: Innovations in maritime navigation that enabled long-distance sea travel.
Cultural Observations: Insights into the societies Cook encountered, providing valuable ethnographic data.

Cook’s writings have inspired numerous literary and historical analyses, establishing him as a key figure in the narrative of exploration and colonialism.

26. The Nuremberg Chronicle

The “Nuremberg Chronicle,” an illustrated history book from the 15th century, sold for $3.6 million in 2012. Its detailed illustrations and historical content make it a prized collectible.

Commissioned by Hartmann Schedel, the Chronicle is notable for its detailed illustrations and maps, reflecting the Renaissance’s interest in history and geography.

The book includes:

Chronological History: A timeline of significant events and figures from biblical times to the late 15th century.
Illustrations: Over 1,800 woodcut images that enhance the text and provide visual context.

The Nuremberg Chronicle is a landmark in the history of printing, combining text and image in a way that influenced future book design.

27. The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri’s “The Divine Comedy,” an essential work of medieval literature, sold for $3.5 million in 2019. Its literary and historical significance makes it a highly collectible book.

Regarded as one of the greatest works of world literature, it has profoundly influenced literature, theology, and philosophy.

The poem is divided into three parts:

Inferno: Dante’s journey through Hell, encountering various sinners and their punishments.
Purgatorio: A depiction of the purgation of souls and the path to redemption.
Paradiso: An exploration of Heaven and divine love.

Dante’s work has inspired countless adaptations and interpretations, solidifying its place as a foundational text in Western literature.

28. The Tales of Beedle the Bard by J.K. Rowling

A first edition of J.K. Rowling’s “The Tales of Beedle the Bard” sold for $3.4 million in 2008. This book, part of the Harry Potter universe, is highly valued among modern collectors and fans.

The book serves as a companion piece to the Harry Potter series, enriching the lore of the wizarding world and appealing to both children and adults.

The collection includes:

Five Tales: Each story imparts a moral lesson, such as the importance of love and sacrifice.
Illustrations: Accompanied by illustrations from Rowling herself, enhancing the storytelling experience.

The Tales of Beedle the Bard has been embraced by fans and has contributed to the ongoing popularity of the Harry Potter franchise.

29. The First Folio of Shakespeare (Less Prestigious Copy)

A less prestigious copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio sold for $3.3 million in 2007. Despite being less pristine, its value is underscored by its historical importance and rarity.

The First Folio was crucial in preserving Shakespeare’s plays, many of which might have been lost without it. It remains a key reference for scholars and enthusiasts.

The First Folio includes:

36 Plays: A mix of tragedies, comedies, and histories, showcasing Shakespeare’s range.
Poems: The collection also features several of Shakespeare’s poems.

Even less prestigious copies of the First Folio are valued for their historical importance, contributing to the understanding of early modern English literature.

30. The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin’s “The Origin of Species,” a foundational text in evolutionary biology, sold for $3.2 million in 2019. Its impact on science and its rarity contribute to its high auction value.

Darwin’s ideas challenged existing views on species and their development, sparking significant scientific and philosophical debates.

The book outlines:

Natural Selection: The process by which species adapt to their environments over time.
Evidence of Evolution: Darwin presents various examples from the natural world to support his theory.

The Origin of Species has had a profound impact on science, philosophy, and culture, establishing Darwin as a pivotal figure in the history of science.

31. The Collected Works of John James Audubon

John James Audubon’s “The Collected Works” sold for $3.0 million in 2004. This collection of Audubon’s ornithological studies is highly valued for its scientific and artistic contributions.

Audubon’s work was groundbreaking in the field of ornithology and contributed to the understanding of American wildlife.

The collection includes:

Detailed Illustrations: Over 400 hand-painted images of birds, showcasing their beauty and diversity.
Field Notes: Audubon’s observations and studies provide insight into bird behavior and habitats.

Audubon’s works are celebrated for their artistic merit and scientific accuracy, influencing both art and natural history.

32. The Malleus Maleficarum (First Edition)

The first edition of “The Malleus Maleficarum,” a key text in witch trials history, sold for $3.1 million in 2016. Its historical role and rarity make it a significant collectible.

The book provided a framework for identifying and prosecuting witches, reflecting the societal fears of the time.

The text includes:

Witch Trials: Guidelines for the investigation and prosecution of alleged witches.
Theological Justifications: Arguments supporting the existence of witchcraft and the need for its eradication.

The Malleus Maleficarum is a controversial text that has been studied for its impact on legal and social practices regarding witchcraft.

33. The Book of Common Prayer (First Edition)

The first edition of “The Book of Common Prayer” sold for $2.9 million in 2015. This seminal work in Anglican worship reflects its historical and religious significance.

Its introduction marked a significant shift in English religious practices, promoting the use of English in church services.

The book includes:

Prayers and Services: Structured liturgies for various occasions, including daily prayers and sacraments.
Psalms and Hymns: A collection of scriptural texts and hymns for congregational use.

The Book of Common Prayer has influenced English liturgy and has been a source of inspiration for many writers and poets.

34. The Bible (First Complete English Translation)

The first complete English translation of the Bible sold for $2.8 million in 2017. This translation is a landmark in the history of English Christianity and rare book collecting.

Tyndale’s translation made the scriptures accessible to English speakers, challenging the Church’s control over biblical interpretation.

The translation includes:

Old and New Testaments: A complete rendering of the Bible into English, based on original texts.
Annotations: Tyndale’s notes provided context and interpretation for readers.

Tyndale’s translation laid the groundwork for future English translations and has had a lasting impact on the English language and literature.

35. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer (Early Print)

Early printed editions of Geoffrey Chaucer’s works sold for $2.6 million in 2009. Chaucer’s contributions to English literature make these early prints highly valuable.

Chaucer’s writings are foundational to English literature, reflecting the social and cultural dynamics of the 14th century.

The collection includes:

Diverse Tales: A variety of stories that explore themes of love, morality, and social class.
Poetic Forms: Chaucer’s innovative use of vernacular language and poetic structure.

Chaucer’s works have influenced countless writers and continue to be studied for their literary merit and historical context.

36. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon

Edward Gibbon’s “The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” sold for $2.5 million in 2011. This influential historical work remains a sought-after item for collectors of classic literature.

Gibbon’s work was groundbreaking in its use of primary sources and its analytical approach to history. It has shaped our understanding of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages.

The book is divided into six volumes and covers:

The rise and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire
The reign of the Antonines and the Severan dynasty
The invasion of the Goths and the sack of Rome
The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades
The Mongol conquests and the fall of Constantinople
The Wars of the Roses in England

Gibbon’s work has inspired countless historians and writers, and its elegant prose has made it a classic of English literature.

37. The Book of Kells (Facsimile Edition)

A facsimile edition of the “Book of Kells,” a masterpiece of Insular art, sold for $2.4 million in 2018. While not an original manuscript, its detailed reproduction holds significant value for collectors.

The Book of Kells is one of the finest examples of Insular art, a style that developed in Ireland and Britain during the early Middle Ages. It is a testament to the skill and devotion of the monks who created it.

The manuscript includes:

Elaborately decorated pages with intricate patterns and illustrations
Portraits of the four Evangelists and scenes from the life of Christ
Decorated initials and borders that incorporate animals, mythical beasts, and Celtic knots

The Book of Kells has inspired artists, designers, and scholars for centuries. Its influence can be seen in modern art and design, and it remains a symbol of Ireland’s rich cultural heritage.

38. The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis (First Edition)

The first edition of C.S. Lewis’s “The Chronicles of Narnia” sold for $2.3 million in 2021. This beloved fantasy series is highly collectible, with early editions fetching high prices.

The Chronicles of Narnia have become a beloved classic, inspiring numerous adaptations in film, television, and theater. The series has sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages.

The seven books in the series are:

The Magician’s Nephew (1955)
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)
The Horse and His Boy (1954)
Prince Caspian (1951)
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952)
The Silver Chair (1953)
The Last Battle (1956)

The Chronicles of Narnia have been praised for their imaginative storytelling, rich symbolism, and enduring themes of courage, friendship, and the battle between good and evil. The series has inspired countless readers to explore the power of imagination and the depths of the human experience.

39. The Works of Shakespeare (Early Editions)

Early editions of William Shakespeare’s works sold for $2.2 million in 2022. These editions are treasured for their historical importance and literary value.

The First Folio, which includes 36 of Shakespeare’s plays, was compiled by his friends and fellow actors after his death. It is considered one of the most important books in English literature.

Shakespeare’s plays span a wide range of genres, including:

Tragedies such as Hamlet, Macbeth, and King Lear
Comedies such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Much Ado About Nothing, and The Tempest
Histories such as Henry IV, Henry V, and Richard III

Shakespeare’s plays have been adapted for stage, screen, and television countless times. They have inspired countless works of art, music, and literature, and continue to be studied and performed around the world.

40. The Phaedo by Plato (Early 16th Century)

An early 16th-century edition of Plato’s “Phaedo” sold for $2.1 million in 2008. This philosophical text is highly valued for its contributions to Western thought and its rarity.

The Phaedo is one of Plato’s most famous works, offering a glimpse into the life and thought of Socrates, one of the most influential philosophers of ancient Greece.

The dialogue explores themes such as:

The immortality of the soul
The nature of knowledge and learning
The relationship between the body and the mind

The Phaedo has inspired countless philosophers and thinkers throughout history, shaping our understanding of the human condition and the nature of reality.

41. The Natural History by Pliny the Elder

Pliny the Elder’s “The Natural History,” a comprehensive work on the natural world, sold for $2.0 million in 2019. Its historical and scientific value make it a sought-after book among collectors.

The Natural History was one of the most comprehensive works of its time, drawing on the knowledge of ancient scholars and Pliny’s own extensive travels and observations.

The work is divided into 37 books and includes:

Descriptions of thousands of plants and animals.
Accounts of ancient myths and legends.
Information on the properties and uses of various minerals and substances.

The Natural History has influenced countless scholars and scientists throughout history, and its vivid descriptions of the natural world have inspired artists and writers.

42. The Poems of John Milton

John Milton’s collected poems sold for $1.9 million in 2014. Milton’s influential poetry and its early editions are highly collectible items in the rare book market.

Milton’s poetry was written during a tumultuous period in English history, marked by the English Civil War and the Restoration of the monarchy.

Milton’s works include:

Paradise Lost: An epic poem that explores the themes of sin, redemption, and the nature of God and man
Paradise Regained: A sequel to Paradise Lost that focuses on the temptation of Christ in the wilderness
Samson Agonistes: A tragic drama based on the biblical story of Samson

His poetry has inspired countless writers and thinkers, and his influence can be seen in the works of such diverse authors as William Blake, T.S. Eliot, and Philip Pullman.

43. The Treatise on the Law of Nature by Grotius

Hugo Grotius’s “The Treatise on the Law of Nature,” a key work in international law, sold for $1.8 million in 2017. Its significance in legal history contributes to its high value.

The Treatise was written during the Thirty Years’ War, a period of intense religious and political conflict in Europe. Grotius’s work sought to establish a rational basis for international law that would promote peace and stability.

The Treatise covers topics such as:

The nature of law and its sources
The rights and obligations of states and individuals
The justification for war and the laws of warfare

Grotius’s work has influenced countless thinkers and activists, from Immanuel Kant to Nelson Mandela. It remains a cornerstone of modern international law and human rights.

44. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving

Washington Irving’s “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” a classic American tale, sold for $1.7 million in 2020. Its early editions are highly valued for their place in American literature.

The story is set in the years following the American Revolutionary War and reflects the cultural tensions and anxieties of the young nation.

The story follows the misadventures of Ichabod Crane, a schoolmaster who comes to the village of Sleepy Hollow and encounters the legendary Headless Horseman.

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow has inspired countless adaptations in film, television, and theater. It has also influenced the development of the horror genre and the American Gothic tradition.

45. The Life of Samuel Johnson by Boswell

James Boswell’s “The Life of Samuel Johnson” sold for $1.6 million in 2018. This influential biography of one of England’s most renowned writers is a sought-after collectible.

The book provides a vivid portrait of Johnson, one of the most influential literary figures of the 18th century, and offers insights into the social and cultural life of Georgian England.

The biography covers Johnson’s life from his childhood to his death, drawing on Boswell’s extensive notes and conversations with the writer.

The Life of Samuel Johnson has inspired countless biographers and has had a lasting impact on the genre of biography itself. It remains an essential work for anyone interested in the life and times of Samuel Johnson.

46. The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

Adam Smith’s “The Wealth of Nations,” a foundational text in economics, sold for $1.5 million in 2022. Its impact on economic theory and its rarity make it a highly collectible book.

The Wealth of Nations was written during a period of rapid economic and social change, as the Industrial Revolution was transforming the economies of Europe and North America.

The book covers a wide range of topics, including:

The division of labor and its impact on productivity
The role of markets and the “invisible hand” in allocating resources
The nature of money and the banking system

The Wealth of Nations has influenced countless economists and policymakers, from Karl Marx to Milton Friedman. It remains a cornerstone of modern economic thought and a testament to the power of reason and empirical observation.

47. The King James Bible (First Edition)

The first edition of the King James Bible sold for $1.4 million in 2021. This version of the Bible is a significant religious and historical document, highly valued by collectors.

The King James Bible was a major cultural and linguistic event, shaping the development of the English language and influencing countless writers and thinkers.

The Bible includes the Old and New Testaments, as well as the Apocrypha, and is notable for its elegant and poetic language.

The King James Bible has had a profound impact on Western culture, inspiring countless works of art, music, and literature. It remains one of the most widely read and influential books in the world.

48. The Bhagavad Gita (Early Manuscript)

An early manuscript of the “Bhagavad Gita,” a central text of Hindu philosophy, sold for $1.3 million in 2019. Its historical and religious significance makes it a treasured collectible.

The Bhagavad Gita is one of the most important texts in Hindu philosophy, offering insights into the nature of the self, the divine, and the path to enlightenment.

The Gita takes the form of a dialogue between the warrior Arjuna and his charioteer Krishna, who reveals himself as an avatar of the god Vishnu. The text covers topics such as:

The nature of the self and the divine
The path of action (karma yoga)
The path of devotion (bhakti yoga)

The Bhagavad Gita has inspired countless works of art, music, and literature in India and around the world. It remains a beloved and influential text in Hindu philosophy and spirituality.

49. Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes (First Edition)

Miguel de Cervantes’s “Don Quixote,” the first edition of this classic novel, sold for $1.2 million in 2020. Its status as one of the greatest works of literature contributes to its high auction value.

Don Quixote is a landmark work of Spanish literature that has had a lasting impact on world literature and culture.

Alonso Quixano, an elderly gentleman, reads so many chivalric romances that he loses his mind and decides to become a knight-errant. He is accompanied by his faithful squire Sancho Panza.

Don Quixote has inspired countless works of art, music, and literature, and has had a profound influence on the development of the novel as a genre. It remains a beloved and influential work of fiction, celebrated for its humor, insight, and enduring relevance.

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